My article “‘bullets for hands’: Witter Bynner, Arthur Davison Ficke, and the Spectra Poems of World War I” is now published in the peer-reviewed academic journal Twentieth-Century Literature, vol. 64, no. 2 (June 2018), pp. 223-46. Below is the abstract, and the first page is above.
The Spectra hoax, which saw poets Witter Bynner (as Emanuel
Morgan) and Arthur Davison Ficke (as Anne Knish) publish the anthology Spectra: A Book of Poetic Experiments
(1916), produced a quite striking body of poetry. Despite its parodic origins, Spectra included some of the most
resonant responses to World War I. Recent criticism of Spectrism understandably
tends to emphasize the hoax aspects of this fascinating episode in modernist
history, focusing on the performance of identity, for example. Yet, Bynner
himself stated his genuine affirmation of the anthology’s work beyond the
satiric circumstances of its creation, and the experience of their
self-created, alternative avant-garde ended up having longer-term effects on
both his and Ficke’s careers. This essay argues that engaging with Spectra beyond its hoax limits allows us
to explore its wider aesthetic and sociopolitical relevance to the period,
shedding further light on contemporary perceptions of Imagism and Vorticism,
particularly in the context of the poetry of the Great War.